Universal testing machines are designed to measure the force during mechanical testing of structural materials (metals, plastics, rubber, fabrics, composites, etc.) for tension, compression, bending, or other types of static and low-cycle loading within the technical capabilities of the machines. HEICO UTM machine are highly regarded in this field due to their precision and reliability for testing various materials. These machines are equipped with advanced sensors that provide accurate force measurements, making them ideal for various material testing procedures.
The Working Principle of a UTM Machine
The principle of operation of the Universal testing machine is to deform the samples using a loading device and simultaneously synchronously measure the magnitude of the force applied to the tested sample and the corresponding value of the displacement of the movable crosshead (active grip). The force is measured by converting the load by a force-measuring sensor into an electrical signal that changes proportionally to the applied load.
Structural Components of the Machine
Structurally, the UTM machine consists of a test setup and a microprocessor control and measurement system.
Kinematic Structure and Core Components
The kinematic diagram of the machines consists of a base and a load frame installed on it, made in a single-column (with one screw transmission) or two-column (with two screw transmissions) design, a set of grips (in the basic model – 1 set) and (or) special mechanical devices for installing the test sample, a force-measuring sensor, a movable crosshead displacement sensor, a block of emergency limit switches, a push-button station. The base of the machines contains a servo-drive loading system, a block of microprocessor control and measurement controllers, and elements of protective and switching equipment.
The load frame consists of a lower plate, fixed (upper), and movable cross-beams, as well as guide columns and lead screw transmissions installed inside it to ensure movement of the movable cross-beam. The passive gripper can be installed on the lower plate or fixed (upper) cross-beam. The speed of movement of the movable cross-beam is controlled and regulated using a microprocessor controller unit and a servo drive system. The push-button station is used to control (set) the positioning of the movable cross-beam.
Sensor Placement and Signal Processing
The force-measuring sensor can be installed: on the lower plate of the machine base, the movable or fixed (upper) cross-beam, depending on the machine version.
The displacement sensor (angular or linear displacement converter) is installed using a vibration-damping clutch above or below one of the screws. Measuring the movement of the movable cross-beam is based on the transformation of the rotational motion of the lead screw by the displacement sensor into a pulse signal proportional to the distance traveled by the movable cross-beam.
The microprocessor control and measurement controller unit receives, processes and stores signals from the measuring system sensors: force-measuring, moving crosshead, limit switch unit, and also generates signals for controlling the testing process. This unit contains the metrologically significant part of the Material testing machine software.
Input Interface and Configuration Options
The information input and display device can be either an operator console or a special software and hardware complex together with a computer. They are used to implement the human-machine interface and provide the operator with:
- Input of sample or sample series test parameters in dialog mode;
- Sample testing according to a specified algorithm;
- Full automation of the testing process;
- Mathematical processing of test results;
- Output of test results information to the display;
- Communication with external devices.
HEICO offers user-friendly interfaces that enhance the experience for operators, allowing for smooth and easy operation during material testing.
The machines can have a basic or an extended configuration.
In machines with a basic configuration, the microprocessor control and measurement controller unit has two measuring channels:
an analog channel for connecting and processing a signal from a force-measuring sensor;
a digital channel for connecting and processing signals from a movable crosshead displacement sensor.
In the machines with an extended configuration, the microprocessor control and measurement controller unit has up to 11 measuring channels:
6 analog channels for connecting and processing signals from five force-measuring sensors and one strain gauge sensor (extensometer with an analog output signal);
3 digital channels for connecting and processing signals from the movable crosshead displacement sensor (angular or linear displacement transducer) and 2 strain measurement sensors (extensometers with a digital output signal).
HEICO machines are available in various configurations, offering flexibility to meet different testing needs.
Final Words
UTM machines are crucial for analyzing the mechanical behavior of materials under various loads. Their design integrates force sensors, servo drives, and displacement controls for accurate, reliable results. HEICO UTM machines stand out with superior engineering, delivering consistent performance across industries requiring high-precision material testing—from construction to automotive and beyond.
